Write a Recommendation Report

Module Code PM502-2T Group Group W Module Title adroitness for Study 2 Assessment Title Report Assignment Title Write a tribute report in which you comp atomic number 18 trine possible method actings for peeing provision in arid neighborhood of your choice. Tutor Name Eve Smith Student ID Number 200860469 Date of Submission Friday 2nd Dec, 2011 record book count 1668 Contents 1Introduction1 2Background1 3Options2 3. 1desalination2 3. 2Rain Harvesting System3 3. 3Damming3 4Requirements4 4. 1Cost4 4. 2Sustainability4 4. 3Environmental relate5 4. 4Social impact5 5Compared Options6 5. 1Cost6 5. 2Sustainability6 5. 3Environmental impact7 5. Social impact7 6Conclusions8 7Recommendation8 8Reference9 Introduction In some developing country,arid are equal to cause poverty and death, so it is important to proffer clean, cheap and sustainable peeing to those residents living in arid area. However to depict piss in arid regions stop be a heavy(p) ch wholeenge, it should concern a b tabu be, sustainability, environmental impact and social impact. This report get verboten focus on 3 methods of wet antepast desalination, Rain Harvesting System and Dam. The report aims to analyses 3 different irrigate prevision methods, and flummox out which is fit the situation in mall East.In order to achieve this aim, report will compare those 3 methods in 4 requirements Cost, Sustainability, Environmental blow and Social Impact and carry out a recommendation to the region of Middle East. Background Recently the total commonwealth of human world has broken through Seven billion. The booming population has led to a serious problem, the higher the population is, and the much than water will be demanded. However, the water resource is limited though 70. 9% of the nation surface is covered by water, only 2. 5% of the earths water depose be directly utilized by human beings (Cech 2010).Fresh water resource is valuable for each wiz on this planet, especially for th ose large number who live in arid areas such as Middle East. In those regions, without water provision crops and livestock cannot survive, people have to spend a lot of time on prying and carrying water which can deprive their right to get education and machinate currency (KIC 2011). At the aforesaid(prenominal) time, low water quality is a immense threat to peoples health. According to a survey from WHO (2004) if all humans in the world can have clean water picture, 88% of health problem in developing country will be solved.Options 1. 1 Desalination 97% of water on this planate is common salt water, if we can take the salt out water, indeed umpteen place in the world will no longer suffer from lack of water. Fortunately desalination make it possible. Fischetti (2007) bucks out that desalination is a process using energy and technique to remove salts and early(a) minerals from water. The aim of this process is to transform salt water to new-made water for people drinkin g and nonchalant use in the regions limited on impertinently water but have plenty of salt water.Numbers of desalination station have been built in the world, The biggest desalination station in the world is the Jebel Ali Desalination Plant located in United Arab Emirates. It can produce 79. 2 billion Gallon fresh water per year (Elshorbagy 2008). These stations supply large amount of fresh water to local residents every day, ease the water stress largely. 1. 2 Rain Harvesting System In some arid areas,rainwater may be the main water source,Boers (1994) point out that, the low rainfall and irregular distribution cause the problem of water stress in some arid areas.Rain Harvesting System fun jamentally is to reaping rain water from rooftop and yard,after purified,than storing the water in an underground cellar for drinking, daily use and tearing crops, See figure 1 (Garwalmail 2001). Boers (1994) as well as points out that this kind of technique has already been apply on many arid areas to solve water stress. Figure 1 childlike Diagram to show pelting Harvesting (Garwalmail 2001) 1. 3 Damming Human beings have used dam as a method of water provision for a long history. The oldest extant dam in the world is the Jawa Dam, located in Jordan (Helms, 1977).Dams can be seen as a barrier to stop water flow for and reserving it. Storing rain or river water in rain season, ensure the water supply for human consumption and irrigation in dry season. Dams make water predictable, and much easier to manage. Damming is not only a water provision method but also an energy sources. Large scale dams can also produce power. Altinbilek(2002) found 19% of electricity in the world wild was generated by dams, helping a lot of countries to get clean and cheap energy. Requirements 1. 4 CostFor wealth regions, cost is not the primary requirement of water provision methods, they pay more economic aid on sustainability or environmental impacts. however or so of arid areas are n ot especially wealth, cost could be a big problem for them. In some low income Middle East countries, governments are unable to afford those kinds of water provision cipher which cost a lot (World entrust 1993). paltry water supply leads to high death rate and low productivity. People have to pay more time on searching and carrying water, this makes them even unfortunateer. So costs is an important consideration for some ountries. 1. 5 Sustainability Sustainability is also an aspect must be concerned when plan a water supply project. If a region seeks to maintain productivity and daily life,then the continuous water supply is essential. Unstable water supply will lead to low productivity and quality of life. Those old water provision methods such as pumping underground water are not a long-term solution, new technology may contribute some solution to this problem. Tove (1997) brought out an idea new technologies are able to make water supply far more stable and reliable than ev er before. . 6 Environmental impact In modern years the environmental impact of water provision methods has aroused many peoples concern. In the past, environment would not be a primary consideration for water provision projects. However more and more evidence shows that insufficient attention to environment can bring a lot of problem. Hwang (2004) point out that, excessive use of groundwater is directly related to ground subsidence. Fortunately, today when planning a water project they will try to minimize the environmental impact (Figure 2).A fish hunt down has been tested and has utilize on many dams to protect native fish (Barrett 2006). Figure 2 A fish ladder built around a dam in the Pacific Northwest 1. 7 Social impact Just like the Environmental impact, water provision project can also have a significant impact on hostel. For a large-scale project, millions of people have to abandon their house, farm cut down and all the things they cannot take with them, evacuated to ot her places, IRO (2008) point out that it is estimated that there are more than 40 million people in the world have to move because of large-scale water project.The government has to pay huge amounts of money to resettle those people. Spending too much money on a water provision project may also lead to a higher bill of water which is detrimental for the poor (Goldman 2007). comparability by Requirements Compared Options 1. 8 Cost On average, to build desalination found is likely to be the most expansive way to provide fresh water. Karagiannis. (2007) argued about that the cost of building a desalination ground can be astonishing, and it require a lot of energy.Compare with desalination, the cost to build and maintain on dam can be acceptable if the construction scale is not that big. In addition, most of dams are applied on electricity generation and keep fish in reservoir. These methods will bring revenue to bowdlerize the cost of dam. It is no doubt that Rainwater Harvesting Sy stem is the most economical way of water supply. Boers (1994) states that, building a rainwater harvesting system for a family is quite cheap. 1. 9 Sustainability In these three methods, the most stabled way to supply water is desalination.Kumar (2003) argues that if we are able to transfer sea water to freshwater, then water would not be a problem for human beings we do not have to fuss about overuse sea water, as we worrying about groundwater and rivers will dry up one day. Damming is also a relatively stable water supply method. Excluding some extreme weather incidentors, damming can provide water to surrounding areas stably (Altinbilek 2002). However, if encounter extreme weather, like drought, dams will lost the give out of providing water. The most unsustainable water provision method is rainwater harvesting.Boers (1994) states that rely on rainfall to supply fresh water in arid areas have never been a stable way. 1. 10 Environmental Impact Damming has a huge impact on the environment. Old style dams do not have a fish passage, which stops fish swims back to upstream for breeding. World Commission on Dams (2000) point out there is more than 9000 kinds of fresh water fish vanished in recent 100 years in the world. For a desalination plant, the impact to environment is far lower than damming. Great energy consumption may be the only impact a desalination plant do to environment.Younos (2005) describe desalination plant energy consumption as drinking energy. Rainwater harvesting nearly have no impact on environment, so it is an environment-friendly way to provide fresh water. 1. 11 Social impact Desalination and rainwater harvesting almost have no negative impact to social impact. In fact these two methods are beneficiating to society. According to Elshorbagy (2007) and Boers (1994) these two kinds of methods are Ease water shortages in wealth regions and poor regions respectively in Middle East. There is no doubt that damming can have a huge impact on s ocial.The impact of damming bring to the society is multifaceted. Local resident resettlement, loss of arable land and those cultural heritages losses, all of these social problems are caused by damming (Goldsmith 1992). Conclusions With all the discussion above there, we can easily to find out that each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Desalination plant is a very stable water supply method. However, construction and operating costs is unacceptable for some developing country in Middle East. Damming is a reliable way to provide fresh water, but the impact on environment and society is unaffordable for some Middle East country.Although rainwater harvesting is not that stable, but because of its low cost and Environment-friendly, this method can play a major role in poor regions. So it is impossible to find out one method better than others. According to local conditions, we should choose different way to provide fresh water in Middle East. Recommendation In the Middle E ast, desalination may be the best way to provide water for wealth countries. However, for those poverty-stricken countries where under extreme weather, rainwater harvesting can be a good way to solve water stress. * ReferenceAltinbilek, D (2002). The Role of Dams in Development, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 18 (1), pp. 9-24 Barrett. J, Cooper, M, M. (2006). The Murray Rivers Sea to Hume Dam fish passage program establish to date and lessons learned, Ecological Management Restoration 17(3), pp173-183. Boers, M. (1994), Rainwater Harvesting in Arid and Semi-Arid Zones. Waeninaen. The Netherlands. Cech, T. V. (2010). Principles of Water Resources History, Development, Management, and indemnity (3rd Ed. ). USA JOHN WILEY SONS, INC. Elshorbagy, W. Elhakeem, A, B. (2007).Risk assessment maps of oil spill for major desalination plants in the United Arab Emirates, Desalination, 228 (1-3), pp. 200-216 Fischetti, M (2007). Fresh from the Sea, Scientific American 2 97 (3), pp. 118119. GoldMan. M (2007), How Water for All policy became hegemonic The power of the World Bank and its transnational policy networks, Geoforum, 38(5), pp. 786-800 Goldsmith, E. Hildyard, N. (1992). The Social and Environmental Effects of Large Dams. Wadebridge. Wadebridge Ecological Centre. Helms,S,W. (1977). Jawa Excavations 1975. Third Preliminary Report. Levant, 9(1), pp. 21-35 Hwang.N. R, Moh. Z. C. (1996) orchestration for Underground Construction Projects, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. International Rivers Organizaion (2008) The World Commission on Dams Framework A Brief Introduction, Retrieved From http//www. internationalrivers. org/ guest/2526 Karagiannis, I, C. Soldatos, P, G. (2007). Water desalination cost literature review and assessment, Desalination, 223( 1-3), pp. 448-456 Kumar, C, P. (2003). Fresh Water Resources A Perspective. National land of Hydrology. India. Stanley, J. (2011). What Are Results of Poor Access to Safe Domestic Water Supplies?C. Skills for Study 2 Development Issues, 43, 32-39. Nottingham, UK KIC. Tove A. Larsen. Gujer,W. (1997). The fancy of sustainable Urban Water Management. Water Science and Technology. 35(9), 1997, pp. 3-10 World Bank (1993), Water Resources Management form _or_ system of government Paper, Washington DC The World Bank. World Commission on Dams (2000) Dams and Development a new poser for decision-making, the report of the world commission on dams. London Earthscan Publications. World Health Organization . (2004). Burden of complaint and cost-effectiveness estimates, Retrieved From http//www. ho. int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index. html Younos, T. (2005). Environmental Issues of Desalination. Contemporary Water Research Education. Issue 132. PP. 11-18 Garwalmail, A (2010). Simple Diagram to show Rainwater Harvesting. Retrieved From http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/FileSimple_Diagram_to_show_Rainwater_Harvesting. png A fish ladder built around a dam in the Pacific Northwest, (2010). Retrieved From http//adventure. howstuffworks. com/outdoor-activities/fishing/fish-conservation/fish-populations/fish-ladder1. htm