Rise And Rise Of Dhirubhai

Rise And Rise Of Dhirubhai Dhirubhai once stated: Our fantasies must be greater, our desire higher, our responsibility more profound and our endeavors more noteworthy. This is my fantasy for Reliance. Truth be told, this is my fantasy for India. Without a doubt Dhirubhai has been effective in carrying his fantasy to the real world. From a modest start, Dhirubhai Ambani was effectively ready to develop the biggest Business combination in India in a range of only 25 years. Today, the turnover of Reliance Industries structures 3% of the whole GDP. This gigantic development in such a little league is the aftereffect of the enormous measure of difficult work, commitment and greatness that Dhirubhai Ambani acquired to the way of life of Reliance Industries. As it's been said, there are different sides of the coin. While there is no uncertainty that Dhirubhai Ambani was a profoundly shrewd and devoted administrator, he was not great, in the correct sense. For quite a while Dhirubhais morals have involved discussion. While some think about him as a clever agent, the others dont favor of specific things he did. History Dhirajlal Hirachand Ambani was conceived on 28th December 1932, in Chorwad Gujarat into a Modh group of moderate methods. He was the second child of a teacher. Directly from youth Dhirubhai was gifted and exceptionally astute. He was profoundly eager of the abusive granulating plant of the school study hall. Picked work that pre-owned his physical capacity to the most extreme as opposed to packing school exercises. At 16 years old, Dhirubhai moved to Aden, Yemen. He worked there as an agent for A. Besse Co. For a long time. Later he was elevated to deal with the companys oil filling station at the port of Aden, when A. Besse turned into the merchants for Shell. After ten years, Dhirubhai came back to India and began a business Reliance Commercial Corporation with a capital of Rs. 15000.00. The essential business of Reliance Commercial Corporation was import polyester yarn and fare flavors. The business was arrangement in association with Chambaklal Damani, his second cousin who was likewise there with him in Aden. The main office of Reliance Commercial Corporation was set up in Narsinathan Street at Masjid Bunder. It was a 350 sq. Ft stay with a phone, one table and three seats. At first they had two colleagues to help them in their business. In 1965, Chambaklal Damani and Dhirubhai Ambani finished their association and Dhirubhai began his own. It is accepted that both had diverse personality and an alternate interpretation of business. While Mr. Damani was a cognizant dealer and didn't have faith in building yarn inventories, Dhirubhai was a known daring individual and he thought about that building inventories with foreseeing a value rise and making some benefit is useful for development. During this period, Dhirubhai and his family used to remain in a one room loft in Bhuleshwar. In 1968, he moved from the chawl to an upmarket condo at Altamount Road, in South Mumbai. His first vehicle was a head Padmini. In 1970s he purchased a white Cadillac vehicle. Dhirubhai began his first material plant in Naroda in the year 1966. Materials were fabricated utilizing polyester fiber yarn. Dhirubhai began the brand Vimal, named after his nephew. Broad showcasing of the brand in the insides of India made Vimal a commonly recognized name. Diversified retail outlets were begun to sell just Vimal brand of materials. In the year 1975, a specialized group from the World Bank, visit this unit and confirmed it as incredible even by created nation measures. Banks and monetary organizations more than once turned him down when he required cash the most. He was only not comparable to other representatives of his time. This made him an out of the container mastermind. Dhirubhais first open contribution of 28.2 lakh value partakes in the then Reliance Textiles in November 1977 was oversubscribed almost multiple times. The issue brought him Rs 3 crore, a major entirety by the gauges of those days. Somewhere in the range of 1979 and 1982, Reliance made four debenture issues. In 1979 it was for a worsted factory; in 1980, for modernizing its material plant; in 1981, to produce polyester fiber yarn at Patalganga. In 1982, he bested everything with a record Rs 50-crore issue for extension and expansion. Dhirubhai rewarded his investors like relatives. Such VIP treatment charmed him to his financial specialists, says Kisan Ratilal Choksey, Chairman of KR Choksey Shares and Securities, a main Mumbai financier firm. Dhirubhai comprehended the intensity of value financing for his super activities, says Devesh Kumar, Managing Director of Centrum Broking. In that sense, he was a visionary, route in front of his occasions, and an out-of-the-container scholar, he includes. He generally ensured that the speculators got returns comparable their ventures. Relationships, organizations, concentrates abroad of the financial specialists have been supposed to be financed by Reliance. He begat the term Mega Issue. His confidence in retail speculator additionally surrendered a leg to BSE and its 30-share delicate list, Sensex. Tricked by Reliances capacity to convey profits and higher stock costs, thousands rushed to the market. Dhirubhai was a visionary, since he took a gander at the future a future he realized he may not be around to appreciate. In any case, that what moved him and his partner profited by his quest for a superior future. In 1982 Ambani started the procedure of in reverse coordination, setting up a plant to produce Polyester fiber yarn. He consequently broadened into synthetic concoctions, gas, petrochemicals, plastics, and force and telecom administrations. RIL purchased IPCL from the legislature of India to become Indias biggest petrochemical player. Â After the dispatch of the refining arm of dependence, Reliance accomplished a tremendous capital position and has never thought back. Mukesh Ambanis explanation that RIL will resemble a makoda where regardless of whether a couple of legs are harmed, the living being will be robust and generous and not stop its walk forward. In the background In spite of his amicability, a portion of his old associates portray Dhirubhai as a dull character-not on account of the darkish skin he acquired from his dad however for the desire and hazard taking he barely hid. He sent out flavors, regularly at a misfortune, and utilized recharging licenses to import rayon. Afterward, when rayon began to be fabricated in India, he sent out rayon, again at a misfortune, and imported nylon. Ambani was consistently a stride in front of the contenders. With the imported things being intensely popular, his overall revenues were once in a while under 300 percent During the 1950s the Yemini organization understood that their primary unit of cash Rial was in vanishing. Subsequent to exploring the issue it was understood that all Rials were directed to the Port City of Aden. There a youngster in twenties was putting in boundless purchase requests of Yemini Rials. During those days the Yemini Rial was an unadulterated silver coin and was much popular at the London Bullion Exchange. Youthful Dhirubhai would purchase Rial, soften it in unadulterated silver and offer it to bullion brokers in London. Dependence extended its value base through successive rights and extra issues to investors, while budgetary organizations changed over 20 percent of their credits into value in September 1979. In any case, the utilization of convertible debentures launch Dhirubhai Ambani into the major group in the capital markets. Dhirubhai had foreseen the administrations approach with respect to the convertible debentures and the Series I issue of halfway convertible debentures by Reliance in October 1979 raised Rs 70 million. In spite of the fact that Reliance was not the only one in attempting the long neglected instrument but rather from late 1980 the issues of somewhat convertible debentures originating from Reliance one after another, bringing Rs 108 million up in September from its Series 11 and Rs 240 million from its Series 111 the following year, and Rs 500 trillion from Series IV in April 1982. Dhirubhai topped that by getting from Sen Gupta leeway to do what should ordinarily be lawfully unimaginable: changing over the non-convertible parts of the four debenture issues into value. This end up being a triumph. By this strategy, named a splendid and flighty move by many, Dhirubhai-Reliance had the option to cleave Rs 735 million off its obligation book in 1983, and transform it into nearly humble value of Rs 103 million, while holds were raised by Rs 632 million. Rather than a yearly intrigue bill of Rs 96.5 million on debentures, the profit trouble from the additional value was distinctly around Rs 36 million. This transmutation permitted Reliance to keep raising progressively semi obligation, with its E Series of mostly convertible debentures in October 1984 which raised another Rs 800 million. This paid off the obligation value proportion and further expanded the allure of the Reliance stock which was turning into an outperformer on the Indian Stock trades. Dependence consistently used to convince the controllers as for its debenture issues. This didn't imply that every one of its issues were affirmed with no obstacles. All inquiries being raised were not discarded by Reliances approach of SALAM. On one event, the controller dismissed the excellent that Reliance was looking to put on an issue, on the ground that anticipated benefit had not been shown. Without a master forma monetary record for the present year-an expansion of results to date-it couldn't be acknowledged. In 1982, Dhirubhai made waves in the financial exchanges when he took on a Kolkata-based cartel of bear administrators that had looked to pound down the offer cost of Reliance Industries. The cartel gravely belittled the Ambani capacity to retaliate. In addition to the fact that Dhirubhai managed to guarantee the acquisition of near a million offers that the bear cartel offloaded, he request physical conveyance of offers. The bear cartel was shaken. All the while, the bourses were tossed into a condition of unrest and the Bombay Stock Exchange needed to close down for a few days before the emergency was settled. After this occurrence numerous inquiries were raised by the press. Individuals couldn't comprehend that how; a yarn merchant till a couple

In instruction box Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

In guidance box - Essay Example It is in reality not an exceptional marvel to experience organizations showcasing and selling their items online either through their own entryways or by depending on locales possessed and oversaw by outsiders. In the primary case, the organization delivers and markets the item online without fundamentally depending on players in the conventional appropriation channel, for example, merchants, wholesalers, and retailers. This paper will talk about how innovative headways and the Internet have affected item dissemination on the planet today. The Case of Fujian Wanhua Electron and Technology Company Limited One organization that depends on the Internet to convey its items is the Fujian Wanhua Electron and Technology Company Limited. The organization is situated in China and was set up in 1996 (Fujian Wanhua Electron and Technology Co. Ltd., 2013). The organization creates an assortment of electrical and electronic apparatuses for home, business, office, and corporate use. A portion of t he items that the organization produces and markets incorporate vehicle alert frameworks, cordless phone correspondence frameworks, arrange the board frameworks, and home/office remote robber frameworks (Fujian Wanhua Electron and Technology Co. Ltd., 2013). ... Preferences of Direct Online Distribution of Products There are a few focal points related with direct conveyance of items utilizing the Internet. One primary bit of leeway with this strategy for circulation is its relationship with low overhead expenses as per Time (2013). This means the organization can make a greater benefit that it would with the incorporation of middle people. This is the situation thinking about that the organization doesn't share the benefits it gets with the delegates. Besides, a business that does coordinate online dispersion is ensured to contact a worldwide crowd (Time, 2013). For instance, in spite of the fact that Fujian Wanhua Electron and Technology Company Limited is situated in China, numerous individuals think about it or possibly about its items over the globe. This may not be the situation with organizations that depend on the customary technique for circulation. As a rule, they wind up having a market that is constrained in reach and in this way a littler capital base. One more bit of leeway of direct dispersion through the Internet is that it offers clients/customers a great deal of comfort (Time, 2013). Buyers can get the opportunity to look for the items they want whenever of the day or night and whenever the timing is ideal any place they are the length of they approach the Internet. This means the purchasers are not restricted to shopping by time. Since mediators are not engaged with the exchanges, the clients profit by the immediate course of action in that they get items at costs a lot less expensive than they would somehow or another get with the contribution of middle people (Gillai and Lee, 2009). Numerous clients will in general like managing item makers (Time, 2013). Besides, the clients are bound to get predominant client care

Lamictal Indications, Side Effects, and Precautions

Lamictal Indications, Side Effects, and Precautions Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print How Lamictal (Lamotrigine) Works to Treat Bipolar and Seizure Disorders By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 25, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Verywell / Emily Roberts In This Article Table of Contents Expand How It Works Side Effects Precautions View All Lamictal (lamotrigine), a mood stabilizer and anticonvulsant, is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of any anxiety disorders, though it is approved to treat bipolar disorder and seizure disorders. When Lamictal went through clinical trials, anxiety as a side effect was reported by 4 percent of participants, but 3 percent of the control group also reported anxiety, so this would be considered a rare side effect.?? Even though treatment of anxiety isnt an approved use for Lamictal, some doctors do prescribe it to patients who have conditions such as generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder, among others. How Lamictal Works Lamictal was one of the first medications, after lithium, to be approved by the FDA for use in treating bipolar disorder.?? Typically used to treat seizure disorders such as epilepsy, Lamictal works by decreasing abnormal activity in the brain and seems to be particularly effective for the depressive episodes of bipolar disorder, as well as comorbid anxiety.?? It is also sometimes used to treat other mood disorders that are not treatable with other medications, including borderline personality disorder, schizoaffective disorder, depression and depersonalization  disorder. Though Lamictal showed potential benefit in a small study of people who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mood stabilizers as a whole are considered uncertain to treat PTSD, which is a trauma-related disorder. Common Side Effects These are the most common side effects of Lamictal: Weight lossDizzinessDrowsinessDiarrheaConstipationLoss of balanceEye movement that you cant controlTrouble speakingMissed or painful menstrual periodsDouble visionConcentration problemsAppetite lossHair loss (rare, but occurs in some individuals)?? These side effects may go away in time, but if they dont or theyre bothersome, contact your doctor. Serious Side Effects Call your doctor right away if you experience any of these serious side effects while taking Lamictal: Chest painStiff neckPassing outAbnormal seizure activitySwelling of your hands, feet, arms, or legsHeadacheLight sensitivity?? Precautions Regarding Lamictal Discuss your health history in detail with your doctor before beginning Lamictal. Potential issues to be aware of include: An allergy to lamotrigine or any other ingredients found in Lamictal.Lamictal can interact with other medications, whether theyre over-the-counter, prescription, or simple vitamins and supplements. Be sure to tell your doctor everything you are taking so your doses can be adjusted or monitored if necessary.If you become pregnant while using Lamictal, let your doctor know right away.??Drinking alcohol can add to the drowsiness you may already feel from Lamictal.Because of its tendency to make you feel drowsy, especially until you get used to it, dont drive or operate heavy machinery until you have been on Lamictal for a while and are sure of how it affects you.Tell your doctor if you have ever had an autoimmune disease like lupus, a blood disorder, or a kidney or liver disease.

Protists Organisms in the Kingdom Protista

Protists are organisms in the kingdom Protista. These organisms are eukaryotes, meaning they are made up of single or multiple cells which all contain a nucleus enclosed by a membrane. The protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. Organisms in the Protista kingdom include amoebae, red algae, dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglena, and slime molds. How Protists Are Defined Protists are defined by  how they obtain nutrition and how they move.  Protists are typically divided into three categories, including animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungus-like protists. Protists vary in how they move, which can range from cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia. In other words, protists move by microscopic hair that flaps together, by a long tail that moves back and forth, or by extending its cell body, similar to an  amoeba. Nutritionally,  protists tend to gather energy in a variety of ways. They can either eat food and digest it inside of themselves, or they may digest outside of their bodies by secreting enzymes. Other protists, like algae, perform photosynthesis and absorb energy from sunlight to make glucose. Animal-Like Protists Some protists look like animals and are typically referred to as protozoa. Most of these types of protists are made up of a single cell and are similar to animals in nature because they are  heterotrophs and able to move around. While they are not considered animals themselves, it is often thought that they may be a shared ancestor. Examples of animal-like protists include: Zooflagellates – flagellaSarcodines – extensions of cytoplasm (pseudopodia)Ciliates – ciliaSporozoans Plant-Like Protists There is also a large and diverse group of protists that are plant-like and known as algae. While some are single-celled, others like seaweed have multiple cells. For example, one type of protist in the marine environment is  Irish moss, which is a species of red algae. More plant-like protists include: DinoflagellatesDiatomsEuglenoidsRed algaeGreen algaeBrown algae Fungus-Like Protists Lastly, there are fungus-like protists that are also known as molds. These feed on dying organic matter and look like fungi. The major protists in this family include slime molds and water molds.  Slime molds can be found on rotting logs and compost while water molds are seen in moist soils and surface waters. Examples of fungus-like protists may include: DictyosteliomycotaMyxomycotaLabyrinthulomycotaOomycetes The Benefits to Our World Protists are important to the world in several ways. You may be surprised to learn that chalk is made from the fossil shells of protists, which is helpful in our classrooms and our childrens creativity and play. Additionally, protists produce oxygen which is helpful for the planet. Many protists have a high nutritional value which can help improve illnesses. Protists like protozoa are used in foods like sushi and are good for our water, as protozoa are used to prey on bacteria and help to clean water for us to use.

Should General Education School Continue Year Around

Should General Education School Continue Year Around? From the early 1900’s through today, America society as a whole has embraced the nine month general education school year. As we progress into the future, we need to look for more efficient ways to educate the general populous. When we initially went to a nine month school year, there were a multitude of reasons. As we look at the reasons why we began to utilize a nine month school schedule, we need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of transitioning to a year round school model. While we continue to grow and expand as a nation, we need to reevaluate our current school model. From this, we will look at why schools should transition to year round schools, and abandon the†¦show more content†¦The third is that wealthier families in the urban schools would vacation in the summer. The fourth reason is that it would become extremely hot in the summer, classrooms would become unbearably hot due to high temperatures. The fifth reason, it provided time for scho olmasters to train and prep for the next year. The final reason was, Doctors thought that kids would need a break from school or it could be detrimental to them. While each of these six reasons were valid in the 1900’s, they no longer holds the sway that they once did. While reason one was to standardize the schools, this is still a very valid reason a standardize school schedule should be maintained and adjusted to a year around school. Looking back at the second and fifth reasons we transitioned, teachers are now required to attend college, which limits the need for additional educational needs that the old schoolmasters once needed. This also means that teenage girls no longer teach the summer classes, eliminating the academically weaker summer classes that they presented. The third reason, was basically based on privilege of the wealthy, and we should not placate to one class of people, it should be fair across all classes of people. Reason four was very valid until the introduction of Heating Ventilation and Air-conditioning (HVAC). We

Working mothers Free Essays

string(88) " outside of the home, which allowed black women to become more active in the community\." Instead traditional feminism has always focused on white middle-class needs. Traditional values fall to recognize how women’s different identities such as race, class, and sexuality shape our views and beliefs about family and motherhood. Many believe that shared social issues such as women rights bring women together, but what many do not see are the different Identities such as class, race, and sexuality within gender, that can cause conflicting views. We will write a custom essay sample on Working mothers or any similar topic only for you Order Now The quote above by Joan Williams Is a testament In understanding how these deferent identities within women can become a delving factor In their beliefs. Specifically women’s beliefs and roles In the family are Influenced by their Individual Identities. These Intersections of identities play an important role in women’s beliefs on motherhood. Through the course readings I will show how the notions of motherhood changes through these different identities. Women’s participation in the labor, education, domestic duties as well as views on marital status and child rearing will show the division within women’s notions of motherhood. America underwent a change in 1945 that had never been seen before. Despite representation there was a conflict from WI in the ass’. There was a shift from reduction to consumption, where America was seen as ‘living the good life’. By 1960 America’s Income had Increased, and by the end of the decade Americans were moving up In prosperity. What history falls to acknowledge are the women who feel disorientated and discontent. The ass’s and ass’s was also a time filled with anxiety and alienation. As Betty Friedman puts it there was a vague uneasiness’ that is the mark of this period. The sass’s was an odd period of time, where many social issues were taking place. Nevertheless women continued to enter the labor force, which suggested the growing antinomy for women after the war. In the 1 ass’s as Friedman suggest people were politically and culturally conservative, particularly regarding gender and family issues, which made exploring new opportunities difficult for women due to restrictive gender norms. Through the lives of middle-class white women Friedman uses labor force participation to show their beliefs of motherhood. The role of a housewife to some may seem simple, as If they have nothing to do but to take care of the children and domestic duties. But what many fall to see are that these women are well educated and hold traditional ideologies of the family in which women sacrifice ones fulfillment ender role expectations. Women’s behaviors and beliefs were in relation to men, which created a lack of fulfillment amongst women. Friedman argues these housewives needed competition and should make contributions to society. Friedman’s argues that middle-class white women needed to find something fulfilling in society to feel a since of purpose. To get away of what society tells them to do, and start living for what they would want to do. Surprisingly women’s actions did not reflect their beliefs. Though these women were educated enough to have careers but, many found it best eatable to become a housewife because it was the gender norm for women to stay at home and be the caregivers while men should become the breadwinners outside the home. These beliefs countered women’s fulfillment as a woman but filled their beliefs on motherhood. Friedman titles masculine ideologies of motherhood that creates feelings of emptiness as ‘The Feminine Mystique’. Its overpowering, hegemonic dynamic in the work place and in the homes, where men carry the power enforce gender roles. These women adopt the Feminine Mystique, for the purposes of appeasing to societies expectations, but Friedman clearly shows how the traditional views of others are not holding strong in these women’s beliefs. Women were becoming board and tired of being a housewife. This shows the view of motherhood for these women would be to have a more active part in the community, take care of the domestic duties and fulfill the husbands needs but their fear of going against men’s ideologies of motherhood keeps them confined. The intersecting identities of class, education status and gender played a role in how these women view their roles in the family. Becoming a stay at home mom may have not always been by choice but by sacrifice. Gender roles have proven to be influential on women’s beliefs on others. Despite Friedman pushing for women to become contributing factors in society, Bart Laundry in â€Å"Black Working Wives† offers a counterpoint to the norms of white middle- class families. Black women are usually excluded from white framework of motherhood. He incorporates race unlike Friedman as a contributing identity that shapes black middle-class women’s notions of motherhood. Participants were black middle-class two parent families. The black women in these families took care of domestic duties, cared for the children and had an active part in the community, which allowed black women more freedom. Black women in most cases did not have the option of staying home. They pursued careers outside the home because they believed a true woman’ could do both. The notion of mother hood was achievement in both public and private spears. The black community held a different standard then their white counterparts. The black community appreciated women’s intelligence and their independence. Women’s in Friedman’s book looked to their husbands for the decision making rather then formatting and expressing their own views. There is a big divide in how women in Friedman’s reading and Landers book viewed womanhood partially due to the racial preference and also because of class. For white families you could be middle-class solely on the husband’s income. Black families did not share the same experience, to Laundry challenges domesticity as she focuses on African American women. Looking at black families we can see a transition of the traditional family to a more radical modern family. The male ideologies of motherhood were also different as unlike there white counterparts black husbands had the expectation for their wife’s to work outside of the home, which allowed black women to become more active in the community. You read "Working mothers" in category "Papers" The egalitarian mindset of black families combined the public and irate spear. Working outside of the home gave black women more respect inside of the home. Race has played a significant difference in expectations of working wives. Black women did more because there family needed both incomes to be middle class. They face more criticism in the work place and carry the burden of isolation from the male counterparts coming home from an oppressed workplace. On the other hand white women stayed at home because they had stronger beliefs in ideologies. Catering to the household and their husbands were put over their own needs. Women in both readings lacked fulfillment. Men shared unequal responsibilities in doing housework, which is an issue that has been solved. The power dynamic of who is responsible for the domestic duties, stems from male ideologies. Men in both readings are the primary breadwinners therefore lack the obligating in helping with domestic duties. Friedman and Laundry take on two different perspectives on motherhood. While Friedman is pushing women to become active contributors in their communities Laundry is showing how black women have been working for year to support their families. Here we can see how identities such as class and race can create a division amongst gender and also shape beliefs on motherhood. Women who participate in labor both inside and outside of the home have contradicting beliefs on motherhood. In Mary Blair-Loss book â€Å"Competing Devotions† she looks at how women in both spears view labor and family schemas. Work devoted women in the reading were well education and help high power position Jobs. They worked full time which became time demanding and had to sacrifice their extracurricular time for work. They felt their Job was important and more like dynamic work. Women wanted to become more economically independent from men UT at the same time their high-end Jobs meant working long hours, which left them tired and facing discrimination from male dominance in the work place. Women felt that they were providing a better life for themselves and their children. Their beliefs of motherhood was not to fulfill domestic duties like cleaning and cooking every day but to provide the economic needs for their children so they would always have what they needed. The family devoted women sought marriage and child rearing as their primary devotion. Some women worked part time but still took care of the domestic duties. Families believed their roles to be biologically destined, where men should work full time outside the home. Family devoted mother criticized work devoted mother for not spending more time with their family and work devoted women criticized stay at home mothers by saying they are lacking fulfillment and depended on men. Like the women in Friedman’s reading these women held a more traditional view of womanhood. Like all mothers both schemas came with their sacrifices, which they people for support and shunned the opposite schema. The notions of motherhood aligned with the schema these women adopted. It is interesting to see the role education played in choosing which schema to adopt. Women’s views on motherhood relied not only schemas but also their beliefs on marriage. Kathleen Eden and Andrew Cheering search to find the problems as to why low income white and black single mothers are not getting married. The study finds five reasons to why women are reluctant to enter or reenter into a marriage. The same five reasons are also how they define womanhood. Women sought having children before marriage fulfilling, but did not count on being single. Women saw affordability, respectability, control, trust and domestic violence as important measures when looking into marriage. These women felt if they were to be in another relationship it would be with a man that would uplift her status. These women wanted a man that they could trust and count on to support them and a child. Class, race and previous experiences shaped these low-income single women notion of motherhood. Due to their low social economic status they wanted a man that could take care of their family. Because they claimed there was a scarcity of black decent men, they looked for affordability and respectability and because of their previous experience they wanted someone they could trust. These women had their own economic stability but anted to gain upward mobility and believed having a decent trustworthy man will fulfill their notion of motherhood. Lastly through Mignon Moor’s chapter â€Å"Lesbian Motherhood and Discourses of Respectability’ we can see the ways in which lesbian women form motherhood through women’s sexual autonomy, and an emphasis in strength and resilience. The reading discusses a lesbian woman named Jackie who has adopted her sister’s child. Jackie overcame a massive struggle with social services in finalizing her adoptive rights to Andrew. Her refusal to hide her sexuality supports the notion of black womanhood that communicates a sense of sexual autonomy. Jackass’s beliefs of what it meant to be a good mother derived from her childhood past. What she never had as a child she gave to Andrew and she made it her personal responsibility to see that he was safe, and stayed out of trouble. For women like Jackie challenges such as race, family structure and poverty influenced how she defined motherhood. Lesbian mothers have accepted a social responsibility based on family obligations, and have looked into their upbringing and personal experience for defining lesbian One woman named Athena had difficulty with telling her child from a previous heterosexual relationship that she was a lesbian. Athena did not feel comfortable identifying herself as a lesbian because she not only felt stigmatize from the community and family but she felt it was best to keep her sexuality unexposed to protect her child. By Athena not coming into terms with her lesbian identity it ruined her relationship and her chances to gain fulfillment in life. With the ending of her relationship with her partner we can see her understanding of motherhood. She defines motherhood as self-sacrificing for the good of the child. The move toward sexual autonomy is a struggle for women who are reluctant about their identity. Drawing a division between the two identities becomes difficult for women who are heterosexual lens and absorb cultural understandings of good motherhood in ways that make it difficult for them to view their lesbian sexuality in a positive light† (130). There is a constant battle when one is forced to choose between who they are and what is best for their child. Unfortunately the one parallel between all women are the sacrifices they endure for their families. We can she a range of mothers living in traditional families to more radical contemporary families, and all define motherhood differently. Women re forced to navigate motherhood through tough circumstances, which can become difficult. As seen in the reading women’s roles are stretched so thin it becomes inevitable to find a suitable balance for themselves within the family needs. We can see that motherhood can vary through the different identities such as class, race and sexuality. No women’s identities and experiences are the same, which make ‘motherhood’ hard to generalize and allows motherhood to also divide gender. It becomes a forced decision rather then a choice that women struggle with in their daily life. Motherhood has become an internal battle between selfish and selfless. How to cite Working mothers, Papers

US Supreme Court Essays - Legal Professions,

US Supreme Court The Supreme Court is the highest governing body that is known to us as the people of the United States of America. In the 1998-99 term, the Supreme Court is slated to hear cases on subjects as diverse as business monopolies, labor unions, health insurers, initiative petitions and due process. The justices will also revisit the issue of sexual harassment. The following will just be an overview of how the Supreme Court operates. I will try to point out many things throughout the course of this paper. The first points I will try to show is who the notable past judges were and what major roles they had in our society. Next, I will move into the justices of today and try to give a brief overview of them. Then I will move into the courts specifically. I will try to show how the courts work, how the justices go about choosing cases, hearing arguments, and making decisions. Lastly, I will give an overview of some of the most historic cases that have been heard by the United States Supreme Court and their decisions. As a result, all of these factors considered should help to give a better understanding of the Supreme Court and how it functions. Since the Supreme Court's inception in 1789, 108 justices have served on it. There have been 16 chief justices. Several members of the court became great figures in history or were distinguished for contributions beyond their court service. There are four chief justices that have helped shape the course of the American judiciary system and the nation's overall progress. John Marshall, who served as chief justice from 1801-1835, was probably the most influential chief justice to serve. Often called the great chief justice, Marshall was instrumental in establishing the court's authority in the national government. During his tenure, the court began issuing single, majority opinions, enabling it to speak with a more definitive, unified voice. Rulings over this era bolstered federal power over states. Marshall wrote the 1803 decision in Marbury versus Madison, which established judicial review of laws, passed by Congress. Next, was Charles Evans Hughes who served as associate justice 1910-1916 and chief justice 1930-1941. He presided over the court during the Great Depression and the New Deal era. Next, was William Howard Taft, who served as chief justice 1921-1930. He was the only person to serve as President from 1909-1913 and as chief justice. President William G. Harding appointed Taft chief justice. He successfully pressed Congress to pass laws that gave the court almost unlimited discretion to decide which cases it will hear. Lastly was Earl Warren, who served as chief justice from 1953-1969. This is another man that people would really recognize because of his affiliation to the FBI. Warren, a former California governor, was appointed by Republican President Eisenhower, and took a decidedly liberal course in a socially stormy era. His legacy includes decisions forbidding school segregation, fair mapping of voting districts, and enhancing rights of defendants in criminal trials. Just a couple of small things to add on an aside note are the first African-American chief justice was Thurgood Marshall, who served from 1967-1991, and the first female chief justice was Sandra Day O'Connor, who has served from1981-present. Next I would just like to rundown the list of current justices that will be hearing cases for this term. Note that I will try to list the current justices in their order of their seniority, who they were appointed by, and what year they were appointed. The top dog, also known as the chief justice, is William H. Rehnquist, who was appointed associate justice by President Richard M. Nixon in 1971 and was later elevated to chief justice by President Ronald Reagan in 1986. The next justice is John Paul Stevens, appointed by President Gerald R. Ford in 1975. Next is Sandra Day O'Connor appointed by President Reagan in1981. Antonin Scalia was appointed by President Reagan also in 1986. The next justice in line would be Anthony M. Kennedy who was appointed by President Reagan in 1988. The next justice up the ladder is David Souter who was appointed justice by President George Bush in 1990. The next justice is probably the most controversial figure on the star panel. Clarence Thomas was appointed justice by President Bush in 1991. The two newest justices have recently been appointed by President Bill Clinton. Ruth Bader Ginsburg was appointed in 1993 and Steven G. Breyer was appointed in 1994. This is the team that will be overseeing the